graetz: 1208; Astrid
? graetz: 1208; Astrid
Hallo zusammen,
heute schenkte mir ein freundlicher Mensch dieses Radio. Ich habe den Schaltplan
heruntergeladen und die Schaltung studiert. Das Gerät besitzt bereits einen Transistortuner.
Jetzt die Frage. parallel zum ZF Kreis sitzt eine Diode OA90. Was ist der Zweck dieser Diode ?
Soll damit das ZF Signal von einer störenden Amplitudenmodulation befreit werden oder hat diese Diode einen anderen Zweck. ?
Anlagen:
- Graetz_astrid_tuner (151 KB)
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Begrenzer - limiter
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Mit Entschuldigungen,
-Joe.
Hello Georg,
I have looked over the schematic you attached and settled on the function of the OA90 germanium diode as FM limiter signals.
The limiter operation is different from grid conduction in an IF limiter tube. There is still an RC network, a tuned circuit and a diode, but the parameters are different.
In a quick summary, the limiting action in a limiter tube happens by anode cut-off, or anode bend, after the undesired AM modulation was pushed from the positive side of the incomming envelope to the negative side by grid conduction and grid leak storage in the input RC network. In other words, the grid conduction in a tube limiter does not limit, anode cut-off does. It is possible to vary circuit parameters to obtain limiting at the grid, but this tends to load the tank circuit and reduce precious tube gain.
The situation with this diode circuit is very different. The only limiting that is possible is by diode conduction. The diode will start to contribute to limiting with about 100mV of voltage at the tank circuit. But let's take a look at a few parameters to see how this happens.
The L005/C016 tuned circuit resonates at the 10.7MHz IF frequency.
The reactance of C016 at 10.7MHz is 218_Ohms.
If the L005/C016 bandwidth is on the order of 200kHz, then the Q will be 50 and the C016/L009 resistance at resonance will be on the order of 10k Ohms.
The time constant of C017*R009 is 8us.
So diode conduction starts to effect limiting when it's impedance drops below the 10k resonant resistance of the tank circuit. The impedance of the diode at zero volts is on the order of 100k Ohms. The impedance cuts on half for every 25mV of increased forward bias. When the diode reaches a forward voltage of 100mV, it's internal impedance should be around 6k and limiting starts to take effect, simply by loading down the tank circuit.
The purpose of the RC circuit is to establish an average DC bias voltage for the diode. This is used to moderate, or regulate, the limiting action for larger signals. For example, if the average diode current is 75uA, then 25mV will be developed across the RC network, and the diode resistance at the limiting peaks will be twice as much, assuming the input is a 10.7Mhz sinewave. For even larger sinewave signals, that can conduct 330uA of average DC current, the stored bias will be 100mV.
The advantage of the moderating effect of the RC network is that it reduces the loading of the diode for steady sinewave signals to help retain Q, while letting the diode conduct very heavily for sudden sinewave burst increases that last less than the RC timeconstant 8us.
This time constant is too fast to limit the audio content as it may have imparted some AM modulation by the selectivity of the tank circuit, but is fast enough to limit the very sharp envelope fluctuations that occur when an undesired adjacent channel signal is present. This fast limiting is necessary to get a good capture ratio. A good capture ratio results in only the stronger of the two channels passing the limiting stage.
In conclusion, the RC time constant is too fast to limit AM content at audio rates, but it should work well to help with capture ratio for strong signals. Limiting at audio rates is still necessary in later stages and at the ratio detector to strip the spurious modulation from lack of IF band flatness. The other benefit is some forward AGC limiting for the strongest signals.
I had not explored FM limiting in a solid state set before. This a good start. Comments invited.
Regards,
-Joe
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Auswirkung der nichtlinearen Collektor-Kapazität
Frühe HF-Verstärker mit (Germanium-)Transistoren wurden z.T. noch so entwickelt, wie es von der Röhrentechnik her bekannt war. Dort dimensionierte man Schwingkreise hochohmig, damit eine gute Verstärkung erreicht wurde.
Bei hochohmiger Dimensionierung ist jedoch im Falle des Transistor-Verstärkers die Kapazität zwischen Collektor und Basis CCB ein wesentlicher Bestandteil der Schwingkreiskapazität. Die Größe von CCB ist jedoch abhängig von der anliegenden (Gleich- oder Wechsel-) Spannung. Somit steuert eine große Wechselspannung den Wert von CCB. Dies führt auf Verformungen der Resonanzkurve des Schwingkreises, verbunden mit Sprungphänomemen.
Eine Beschreibung dazu findet man in: "Rusche / Wagner /Weitzsch: Flächentransistoren, Springer, 1961, pp. 244 - 248".
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